From: EggertJ@crosswinds.net (Jim Eggert)
Newsgroups: soc.genealogy.german,soc.answers,news.answers
Subject: soc.genealogy.german Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Followup-To: soc.genealogy.german
Summary: This posting is a list of frequently asked questions.
It should be read by anyone who wishes to post to the
soc.genealogy.german newsgroup.
Organization: German Genealogy Group
Approved: news-answers-request@mit.edu
Archive-name: genealogy/german-faq
Posting-Frequency: monthly
Last-modified: 2005/01/01
Version: 2.9
URL: http://www.genealogy.net/faqs/sgg.html
This FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) list was written to help genealogists who are interested in German and German-American genealogy. It is oriented to those who are getting started, either with genealogy or with the Internet. "German" here means the German language, so this list should be useful for researchers of German, German-American, Austrian, Swiss, Alsatian, Luxembourger, Liechtensteiner, and Eastern European German genealogy. The latest version of this FAQ is available
Then you should gather and organize all the information you have from various sources. You may want some genealogical software to help in organizing your information. Document all your sources. Organization allows you to develop an overview of what you have so that you can better direct your research.
Next locate your local LDS (Mormon) FHC (Family History Center™). The genealogical collection of the LDS Family History Library (FHL) is unsurpassed, and much of it can be used at your local FHC. You need not be Mormon. You can probably find the LDS church in your phone book. A list of FHCs and some of FHL resources are at <http://www.familysearch.org/>. A partial list of FHCs can also be found at <http://www.genhomepage.com/FHC/fhc.html>.
You should also consult the online documents available on the German genealogy server at <http://www.genealogy.net/> and may want to monitor the messages on the Usenet newsgroup <news:soc.genealogy.german> or its mirrored mail list gen-de-l.
The easiest way to make fast progress is to connect with research already performed by others. When possible, such information should always be verified from original sources. To find such research, go online, go to your local LDS FHC, go to your library, and join genealogy clubs.
Eventually your major information sources are likely to be German civil records and German church registers. German civil records start 1792 in Rheinland, 1803 in Hessen-Nassau, 1808 in Westfalen, in 1809 in Hannover, 1 Oct 1874 in Prussia, and 1 Jan 1876 in all of Germany. German church records start as early as the 15th century, but for many areas extant records start only after the end of the 30 Years' War in 1648, or later. Some older civil records and many church registers are available through the LDS FHC. Otherwise you must write to the German Standesamt (civil records office) or parish of interest or to the appropriate archive.
Other important sources include Ortssippenbücher, which list all the families in a town, typically using church records as the source; the IGI, which is an index of extracted records; passenger lists; the ASTAKA, a collection of German genealogies; German state censuses; and Geschlechterbücher, which is a series of published genealogies.
Further documents are also available in German archives. Examples of available documents include tax rolls, emigration papers, land registers, wills, and court cases. Most of these have not been filmed by the LDS and are available only at the appropriate archive. Catalogs of the holdings of some archives are available in printed form in some US research libraries.
Keep in mind a general rule of genealogy is to go from the known to the unknown, and not the other way around. For example, if your name is Bauer, you should concentrate on expanding the tree of Bauers related to you by examining documents that refer to them. You should probably not research the genealogy of some other Bauer to see if he is related to you, because the chance of success is slight. Note that this general rule does not apply if you are researching a rare surname, or if you can pair the surname with a town or another surname.
Another general rule is to do as much research as possible locally. Use your local LDS FHC, library, interlibrary loan, genealogical society, etc. to their fullest extent before you write or travel to distant archives or churches. It is usually cheaper and often more efficient, and it will make subsequent research more productive.
Here is a list of some useful books. Most of these works have bibliographies that will lead you to other useful references.
Simple surname queries without any supporting information are strongly discouraged. For most surnames, there are simply too many individuals with the same name for a surname request to be useful. To make success more probable, you must supply as much information as you can, including the surname(s) and given names; place(s) of residence (in Germany and elsewhere); dates of birth, emigration, marriage, and death; religious affiliation; associated family names; and any other information you may have. Include also what sources you have consulted, successfully or not, in your search. Be concise but informative. Make your question clear. Use an informative subject line like this:
SCHMIDT; Neustadt i.Holstein,SCN,DEU > Boston,MA,USA; 1873-1924
Many people prefer that surnames be written in all caps to aid visual scanning. Make your placenames unambiguous (Neustadt an der Weinstrasse; Frankfurt am Main). Avoid imprecise dates like "the late 1800s" (does that mean 1850-1899 or 1805-1809?).
Be advised that it is unlikely that you will find someone willing to do extensive research for you for free unless he or she is related to the subject of your search. However, you may receive valuable advice that may turn your dead end into a new lead. If you are lucky, you may find someone who is also researching along the same lines (same family, location, event, or resource) and then you can both profit by sharing notes.
Also, common courtesy would require that, when you receive advice or leads, you act on them before repeating the query.
Surnames are best registered on the Internet in several fora:
Different areas/times/families had different naming conventions. No general rule applies in every case. Babies are often named for family members or baptismal sponsors, and sometimes a pattern can be found.
Often a person does not go by his first given name, especially if that first name is Johann or Maria. The name actually used (termed the Rufname) is often denoted by an asterisk or by underlining or bolding.
The best places to look are:
online:
For German phone numbers, the best resources are CD-ROMs or the DeTeMedien website.
For Austria, telephone listings are available on CD-ROM or the web:
For Switzerland, try the online directories at <http://tel.search.ch/> and <http://www.weisseseiten.ch/>. Several CD-ROM listings are also available:
French (including Alsace-Lorraine) addresses and telephone numbers can be had at <http://www.pagesjaunes.fr/> Enter the following département numbers:
Alsace (Elsass) Lorraine (Lothringen) 67 Bas-Rhin 54 Meurthe-et-Moselle 68 Haut-Rhin 55 Meuse 57 Moselle 88 Vosges
For the Netherlands (Holland), try <http://www.nationaletelefoongids.nl> and <http://www.Telefoongids.ptt-telecom.nl/>
For Poland, use <http://www.ditel.pl/>
US addresses and telephone numbers can be found at
<http://www.switchboard.com/>
There are also many online directories at
<http://www.infospace.com/>
This is sometimes easy, sometimes quite difficult, and sometimes impossible. This is the general order of resources to be used in finding the German origin of German-American families:
Search these sources not only for the German immigrant, but also
his or her spouses, descendants, and other relatives. There is
an excellent and concise list of resources for German-American
immigration research available on the German genealogy server at
<http://www.genealogy.net/misc/emig/>
The FHL also offers a good research outline entitled
Tracing Immigrant Origins, available at your local FHC or online.
The German central government conducted censuses in 1871, every five years from 1875 to 1910, 1919, 1925, 1933, 1935 (Saar), and 1939. West Germany had censuses in 1946, 1950, 1961, 1970, and 1987. East Germany had censuses in 1945, 1946, 1964, 1971, and 1981. Except for the 1939 census, these censuses are not useful for genealogical purposes; available data are of a statistical nature only. Each of the states conducted their own censuses at other times. Some of these censuses are available via your local LDS FHC and are quite useful genealogically. The central German census authority can tell you if certain censuses exist and where they can be found:
German cemeteries are not as useful for genealogical purpose as those in the US. Normally gravesites are leased for 20-25 years, after which they may be renewed or usually revert to the cemetery owner (church or town) and are reused. Some gravesites are sold to a family and used for generations, but even then the site is reused within the family. Some gravestones of historic importance are retained for the long term. Gravesites are maintained by the families. Sometimes cemeteries are converted to parks, but retain their cemeterial nature. Graves in 20th-century military cemeteries are not reused, but are maintained by a commission as a reminder of the honor of soldiers and the horror of war.
The meaning of a German surname can often be found in a German- English dictionary (e.g., Schmidt means smith, Müller means miller). Sometimes spelling modifications, pronunciation shifts, or dialectal origins hide the original meaning. In such cases, a general or specifically German name lexicon can be useful. Three standard German works are
Assuming that the family name is a place name perhaps with the common suffix -er (as in Oberheimer), then it is very possible that the family did indeed come from that place (Oberheim) originally.
But they probably left that place before they acquired the surname, which was probably before the earliest extant records, so you will likely never be able to prove it. Also note that place names are often shared by several towns, and that a surname may be related etymologically but not genealogically to a place name.
The standard series of books on German nobility is the Gotha series, which has appeared under various titles since the late 18th century. Look in your library catalog for a title similar to Gothaisches genealogisches Taschenbuch der adeligen Häuser or Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels. The latter has an online surname index at <http://www.rootsweb.com/~autwgw/sgi/index.htm>
Herbert Stoyan has an excellent online resource for noble
genealogy called WW-Person at
<http://www8.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/html/ww-person.html>
Paul Theroff has an online Gotha at
<http://pages.prodigy.net/ptheroff/gotha/gotha.htm>
Please be advised, however, that stories of noble relations in American families are often exaggerated.
All personnel rosters and card indices (Stammrollen und Karteimittel) of the Prussian Army, the transition army (Übergangsheeres), the Army (Reichswehr), and the Imperial Navy (Kaiserlichen Marine) were burned in an air raid on Berlin in February 1945. Preserved are medical records of those soldiers who were being treated in military hospitals (Lazarett). The records, most with personnel roster extracts (Stammrollenauszügen), for those born from 1870 on are stored at
Lists of Prussian and other German officers are generally available in book series with titles like Rangliste der Königlich Preussischen Armee. These books were published roughly annually since at least 1796; some have been reprinted.
An overview of the Prussian army and its military church records can be found in Lyncker, Die Altpreussische Armee 1714-1806 und ihre Militärkirchenbücher, and Die preussische Armee 1807-1867 und ihre sippenkundlichen Quellen, and also in Eger, Verzeichnis der Militärkirchenbücher in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.
A list of pre-1914 Imperial German military units can be found at <http://users.hunterlink.net.au/~maampo/militaer/milindex.html>
Many German state military records are available at their respective state archives. These generally cover up to 1920.
World War II German military personnel may have service records at
German military cemetery listings for World Wars I and II can be found online at <http://www.volksbund.de/>
For civilian records, one must write to the appropriate agency or ministry archives (e.g., justice, finance, railroad, post). Those who had relatives in NSDAP positions can request information from the Bundesarchiv or, soon, the US National Archives.
For archive addresses, see the question on archive addresses. For most towns, the Standesamt or parish address would be simply
where the second choice indicates Protestant, the third choice Catholic. The five question marks need to be replaced by the correct postal code. For larger towns, there are likely to be several churches, but the above address will often work anyway. For cities, you will need to know the section of the city to find the correct Standesamt or church; inquiries at a main office are sometimes forwarded correctly.
You should write in German and include 10 Euros to cover postage and basic fees. There may be further expenses billable to you; extensive research will not usually be performed for a small fee. Make sure you indicate how you are related to the sought persons. Sample letters are available from the German genealogy server at <http://www.genealogy.net/misc/letters/> or make use of the German genealogy volunteer translation service (see below in subject 19). There is also an excellent letter- writing guide on the LDS site.
Many local parishes have deposited their older church records in the corresponding church archives; in these cases communication with the local parish may be forwarded to the appropriate archive, answered with an indication of the appropriate archive, returned, or ignored, all at the option of the parish office. Furthermore, strict privacy protection laws in Germany very often prohibit official release of personal information to individuals unless they can demonstrate direct descendance from the person to be researched or unless there is a legal entitlement to the information, for example for matters of inheritance. Some archives may also have requirements on the age of the information before they allow release, even to direct descendants.
German postal codes (Postleitzahl or PLZ, equivalent to US ZIP codes) are available on the Internet from <http://www.deutschepost.de/> and <http://www.informatik.uni-frankfurt.de/plz/plzrequest.uk.html> They are also listed in German postal code books and in the various telephone listings. For towns with only one postal code, you can also consult the Michelin red guide, a good autoatlas, or Arthur Teschler's geographical server.
The best overall solution is to learn German. Often such a large investment offers rich rewards. You might consider taking courses at your local college or Goethe Institute <http://www.goethe.de/>
In the meantime, you can make use of the German genealogy volunteer translation service administered by Arthur Teschler. Send e-mail to trans@genealogienetz.de. The first line of the message body should read:
Computer translation programs are normally not recommended; their clumsy translations usually require human correction.
A good German-English dictionary, available in most libraries and bookstores, is usually needed for translations. Sometimes a good German dictionary or encyclopedia is a better resource. There is an online German-English dictionary at: <http://dict.leo.org/>
There is of course no one German handwriting, but often German documents are hard to read. It takes practice to read handwritten documents, and each hand is different, often requiring some study even for the practiced eye. Try to figure out words from context. Most genealogical documents have a limited vocabulary. Look at other entries in the same hand to help you decipher the hardest parts. Often the best approach is to ask another knowledgeable researcher at the library or archive where you encounter the difficult document. There are also several books that can help teach you how to read German handwriting; these are available from genealogical supply firms or good bookstores. Or use the German genealogy snail/fax translation service outlined above.
The German genealogy server has examples of old German handwriting, Windows software for learning German handwriting, and a bibliography of texts on the subject at <http://www.genealogy.net/misc/scripts.html>
The Transcribe Group transcribes from scanned originals for free: <http://www.rootsweb.com/~deutg/>
birth; born Geburt; geboren, gebürtig, geb. (il)legitimate (un,ausser)ehelich, (un)eheleiblich baptism; baptized Taufe; getauft, get. marriage Ehe, Heirat, Hochzeit, Eheschliessung, Vermählung, Trauung, Verheiratung, Verehelichung, Kopulation marry heiraten, verheiraten, verh., vermählen, verm., trauen, getr., verehelichen, verehel., kopulieren death Tod, Sterbefall, Todesfall, Ableben died gestorben, verstorben, gest. burial Beerdigung, Begräbnis, Beisetzung, (Erd)bestattung, Leichenbegängnis buried beerdigt, beerd., begraben, begr., beigesetzt widow; -ed Witwe, Wwe.; verwitwet, verw. divorce; -ed (Ehe)scheidung; geschieden father; mother Vater, V.; Mutter, M. parents Eltern husband Mann, Ehemann, (Ehe)gatte, Gemahl wife Frau, Ehefrau, (Ehe)gattin, (Ehe)weib, Gemahlin married couple Ehepaar, Eheleute son; daughter Sohn, Söhnlein, S.; Tochter, Töchterlein, T. child; -ren Kind, K.; -er male; female männlich; weiblich brother; sister Bruder; Schwester siblings Geschwister uncle; aunt Onkel, Oheim; Tante, Muhme (great-)grandfather (Ur)grossvater grandson; -daughter Enkel; Enkelin grandchild Enkelkind, Grosskind nephew; niece Neffe; Nichte cousin (m;f) Vetter, Cousin; Kusine, Cousine, Base cousins Geschwisterkinder sponsor, godparent Gevatter, Gev., (Tauf)pate, Taufzeuge day of the week Wochentag days of the week Sonntag, Montag, Dienstag, Mittwoch, Donnerstag, Freitag, Samstag (Sonnabend) month Monat months Januar (Jänner), Februar (Feber), März, April, Mai, Juni, Juli, August, September, Oktober, November, Dezember year Jahr, Jahreszahl date Datum place Ort residence Wohnort, Aufenthaltsort, Wohnstätte village Dorf town (Land/Samt/Gross)gemeinde city Stadt county (Land)kreis (modern), Grafschaft (noble) (grand) duchy (Gross)herzogtum principality Fürstentum kingdom Königreich
A more complete vocabulary guide can be found on the LDS website.
Umlauts, etc.:
German vowel umlauts (the two dots over an a, o, or u) represent a different vowel sound than the un-umlauted letters. A umlaut is pronounced like a long a in English (weigh). O umlaut makes a sound where the lips are pursed as to make a long o (nose), but the tongue is forming a long a. U umlaut has the lips making a long o, but the tongue is forming a long e (cheese). Eszet is a regular English s sound. Any German should be able to understand the ae, oe, ue, and ss equivalents for the umlauts. For family names and place names, however, these equivalents are often not considered identical.
ASCII TeX 850 8859 Mac HTML Postscript Name _____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ____ __________ ____ "A,Ae \"A 142 0196 128 Ä Adieresis A umlaut "O,Oe \"O 153 0214 133 Ö Odieresis O umlaut "U,Ue \"U 154 0220 134 Ü Udieresis U umlaut "a,ae \"a 132 0228 138 ä adieresis a umlaut "o,oe \"o 148 0246 154 ö odieresis o umlaut "u,ue \"u 129 0252 159 ü udieresis u umlaut "s,ss,sz \ss 225 0223 167 ß germandbls eszet "y,y,ij \"y 152 0255 216 ÿ ydieresis y dieresis "e \"e 137 0235 145 ë edieresis e dieresis850 refers to the IBM code page. IBM code page 437 is identical for these characters, except it lacks the eszet. IBM code page 819 is ISO 8859-1 compliant, while Windows code page 1252 is a ISO 8859-1 superset. All numerical codes shown are decimal. The y dieresis is really a keyboard shortcut for an ij ligature.
To type these characters on a PC, hold down the alt key and enter the 850 or 8859 keycode on the numeric keypad. On a Mac, for umlauts type option-u and then the letter to be umlauted. For eszet, type option-s.
Genealogical symbols:
ASCII Typeset Meaning _____ _______ _______ * asterisk Born (*) asterisk in parentheses Born illegitimately +* cross and asterisk Stillborn ~,= single or multiple water waves Baptized Y communion cup Confirmed o ring Engaged oo,& linked or touching rings Married o|o separated rings Divorced o-o separated rings Illegitimate union !! two exclamation marks Pastor + cross or vertical dagger Died X crossed swords Died in battle +X cross and crossed swords Died from battle wounds [],±,# box Buried ++ two crosses This line extinct
The most convenient and economical way to send money overseas is to use a credit card for payment. Then you avoid bank fees and get a good exchange rate. For small amounts you might consider sending European cash, which you should be able to procure at most banks, with a somewhat worse exchange rate and also an exchange fee. For larger amounts you might want to send a bank wire. Checks drafted in foreign currency may also be obtained from International Currency Express Inc. for a US$10 fee. See <http://www.foreignmoney.com/> or call +1-888-278-6628.
In Germany, International Reply Coupons (IRCs) can only be redeemed for postage, and even then only one coupon per piece of outgoing international mail. Thus IRCs are not a general means of payment. International postal money orders are not accepted in Germany.
The International Genealogical Index is maintained by the FHL and is available on microfiche or CD-ROM at your local LDS FHC, and online at <http://www.familysearch.org/>. It contains millions of birthdates, christening dates, marriages, etc., indexed by surname. It is by no means a complete index to all records, however. Furthermore, it should be considered to be just an index; you should always consult the source documents for IGI entries of interest, as they may contain more information and the IGI may have errors in transcription.
Batch numbers enable town-selective searches in the IGI. A batch number index for German records in the IGI can be found at <http://www.igi-index.de/>
Ship passenger lists appear in two basic types: embarkation and arrival lists. German emigrants after 1850 typically embarked in Hamburg or Bremen; before the 1830s the usual ports were Le Havre, Antwerp, Rotterdam, and Amsterdam. The Bremen passenger lists of 1832-1872 were destroyed in 1875 by governmental decree owing to want of storage space. Thereafter only the current and two previous years were kept, until the destruction ceased in 1907. The lists of 1906-1931 were placed in the Statistisches Landesamt Bremen, which was bombed on 6 October 1944, resulting in the destruction of the remaining Bremen lists. An incomplete name index of the lists for 1904-1914 is held at the Bundesarchiv Koblenz, with microfilms available via your local LDS FHC. The Bremen Handelskammer archives has an apparently complete duplicate of the lists for 1920-1923,1925-1939 and a few lists back to 1834.
The Hamburg embarkation lists 1850-1934 are available on microfilm via your local LDS FHC. They are indexed and usually indicate the last residence of the emigrant, an important datum for researchers.
A few Bremen and Hamburg embarkation lists otherwise unavailable were published in the Allgemeine Auswanderungs-Zeitung (1847-1871, Rudolstadt). Some of these have been republished by Clifford Neal Smith and others.
Arrival lists are available for many American ports, but are not quite as useful as the embarkation lists in determining place of last residence. The US arrival lists are available at the US National Archives, many large research and genealogical libraries, and through your local LDS FHC. Many of the New York City arrival lists in the period 1892-1924 are available online at <http://www.ellisislandrecords.org/> The arrival lists are also partially indexed in the book series Germans to America.
See also the pages at <http://www.genealogy.net/misc/emig/> and <http://home.att.net/~arnielang/shipgide.html> <http://www.hamburg.de/LinkToYourRoots/welcome.htm> <http://www.dausa.de/>
Some passenger ship information can be found online at <http://www.geocities.com/mppraetorius/> <http://www.cimorelli.com/pie/emigrate/emigmenu.htm> <http://www.fortunecity.com/littleitaly/amalfi/13/ships.htm> and <http://www.CyndisList.com/ships.htm>
Germans to America is a book series devoted to indexed transcriptions of passenger lists of vessels carrying Germans to America. It presently covers the period 1850-1891. It does not index all Germans who emigrated to America, and it does have problems with its inclusion criteria and transcription fidelity. But it is very easy to use and often quite helpful. It should be considered to be just an index; you should always consult the source passenger lists for entries of interest, as they may contain more information and the index may have errors in its transcription of the source information. Note also that 000 means either Obermoellrich or (usually) an unknown place! The volumes that have appeared so far are listed on the German genealogy server at <http://www.genealogy.net/misc/emig/GermansToAmerica.html> The books themselves are not on the Internet, but they are available at many large research and genealogical libraries. A list of holding libraries is available on the same server. A portion of the series is also available on CD-ROM.
Andreas Hanacek maintains a list of German archives of genealogical interest as part of an excellent offering at <http://www.bawue.de/~hanacek/> Information about archives is also available in the regional pages on the German genealogy server at <http://www.genealogy.net/reg/> Polish archives are listed at <http://www.polishroots.com/genpoland/index.htm>
There is a list of German and German-related genealogical organizations on the German genealogy server at <http://www.genealogy.net/misc/verbaende.html>
If you know the title and author, go to your favorite library and ask the librarian for help. They can often get books through interlibrary loan; fees may be involved.
If you don't know exactly what you are looking for, try browsing one of the online library catalogs. Some of the best are
For lists of other such online catalogs, and there are many, try
To find German-language books in print, use the Verzeichnis Lieferbarer Bücher at
To purchase books from Germany, try an online German bookseller:
Be careful. Some unscrupulous firms offer books that are compiled mostly from phone lists you can get for free on the Internet. The books also contain some general and often erroneous information on the origin of the family name and a crest. More information is available from the National Genealogy Society's Consumer Protection Committee at <http://www.ngsgenealogy.org/>
The first place to go is the German genealogy server at
<http://www.genealogy.net/>
<http://www.genealogienetz.de/>
It offers many useful articles, reports, reviews, and links to other
Internet resources.
The Federation of Eastern European Family History Societies has lots of information useful to German researchers, including maps, at <http://www.feefhs.org/>
The German GenWeb project is at <http://www.rootsweb.com/~wggerman/>
Adalbert Goertz has written several regional German FAQs: <http://www.mmhs.org/faq/faq.htm>
Many regional German genealogy e-mail lists are available. See <http://www.rootsweb.com/~jfuller/gen_mail_country-ger.html> <http://lists.rootsweb.com/> <http://list.genealogy.net/mailman/listinfo>
The Virtual University German Study Group has materials at <http://thorin.adnc.com/~lynnd/vudeu.html>
For lists of German genealogy sites, see <http://www.bawue.de/~hanacek/info/edatbase.htm> and <http://www.CyndisList.com/germany.htm>
The two Usenet newsgroups of interest to German genealogists are soc.genealogy.german and de.sci.genealogie.
If you are trying to understand something, find a resource, get advice, or find relatives, post to soc.genealogy.german.
If you prefer to read German-language postings only, then read de.sci.genealogie.
Soc.genealogy.german is an unmoderated Usenet news group for queries and discussion of all matters relating to German genealogy. "German" here refers to language, and thus explicitly includes German, German-American, Austrian, Swiss, Alsatian, Luxembourger, Liechtensteiner and Eastern European German genealogy. The newsgroup is available at <news:soc.genealogy.german> and its original charter can be found at <http://www.genealogy.net/faqs/cfv> When posting, only simple text should be used; MIME, HTML, enclosures, binaries, and pictures should be avoided. Commercial postings should go to soc.genealogy.marketplace, not soc.genealogy.german. New posters automagically receive a warm and informative welcome e-mail.
For those without news access, soc.genealogy.german is mirrored to e-mail lists in digest, message, and index mode. Subscription requests should be sent to GEN-DE-D-request@rootsweb.com if you want individual postings combined into circa 32KB digests as MIME attachments (normal digest mode), to GEN-DE-NMD-request@rootsweb.com if you want the 32KB digests sent as one long message (non-MIME digest mode), to GEN-DE-L-request@rootsweb.com if you want messages sent individually (mail mode), or to GEN-DE-I-request@rootsweb.com if you want only message subject lines in a daily index (index mode). Put the word "subscribe" in the message body, no quotes. You will receive a confirmation and additional instructions. To unsubscribe, send the message "unsubscribe" instead, with no quotes, to the request address for which you are subscribed, from the account that is subscribed. Postings by e-mail (not subscription requests) go to GEN-DE-L@rootsweb.com. See also <http://www.genealogy.net/misc/listserv-e.html>
The gen-de archives from 8 Dec 1995 onwards may be searched online at <http://searches.rootsweb.com/gen-de.html> Postings may also be viewed online in threaded format at <http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/index/GEN-DE/> There have been short periods when the gen-de to soc.genealogy.german mirror has failed, resulting in the existence of a few messages only in the newsgroup and others only in the e-mail lists. Thus you may also wish to consult a Usenet archive such as Google.com: <http://groups.google.com/groups?group=soc.genealogy.german>
Soc.genealogy.surnames.german was an automoderated Usenet newsgroup with strict subject line requirements. It has not functioned since 22 June 2000. Its archives are still useful, however. See <http://www.rootsweb.com/~surnames/>
De.sci.genealogie is an unmoderated German-language-only Usenet newsgroup for genealogy and related subjects, regardless of geographical region or ethnicity. Its FAQ may be found at <http://www.genealogienetz.de/faqs/dsg-faq.html>
Lots. Here are a few excellent starting points:
There are also online resources for general German information:
Please repay help freely given by helping other genealogical researchers to the best of your ability. Publishing your results, perhaps by submitting them to the FHL, is an excellent way of helping others. A thank you would also be nice.
Thanks go to the following people: Nate Blaylock, Henning Boettcher, Ed Brandt, Heinz Bredthauer, Cynthia Dean, Steve Dhuey, Adalbert Goertz, Manfred Groth, Andreas Hanacek, Kjell Ove Nybø Hattrem, Rick Heli, Reinhold Herrmann, Gail Hitchcock, Bob Kuehl, Friedrich Lehmkuehler, Brigitte Gastel Lloyd, Lynn Main, Christel Monsanto, Joachim Nuthack, Marianne Muthreich Southworth, Michael Palmer, Detlef Papsdorf, Fred Rump, Bernhard A. M. Seefeld, Wolf Seelentag, Johannes Sempert, Uwe Sentner, Christa Sobczak, Joan Somers, Gunthard Stuebs, Arvo Tars, Arthur Teschler, Rolf Ulbing, Julie Vigna, Don Watson, Robert Weinland, William Westphal, Alan Wiener, Paul Zebe, and the many contributors to soc.genealogy.german.
Suggestions for additions or improvements should be sent to the author, Jim Eggert EggertJ@crosswinds.net.